Autophagy

Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic mechanism. In certain stressful situations, lysosomes degrade degenerated, damaged, aged or non-functional cells, organelles and biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids to achieve cellular protection and organelles from cell damage. Autophagy is achieved by forming a bilayer membrane structure in the cytoplasm that wraps the material to be removed and transports it to the lysosome for degradation. In multicellular organisms, newly formed autophagic vesicles form autophagic endosomes by fusing with vesicles in different stages of the endocytic lysosomal pathway, such as early endosomes and late endosomes, before fusing with lysosomes, a process known as autophagic vesicle maturation. Abnormalities in autophagosome maturation, which is precisely regulated by cellular trophic state and stress signaling pathways, lead to the accumulation of large amounts of damaged organelles and toxic protein aggregates in cells.

Cat. No.	Product name
BP12578	FERULIC ACID METHYL ESTER
BP12578	Ferulic acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid that is abundant in plants and originally derived from giant fennel (F. communis). This naturally-occurring phenolic has antioxidant activities that provide protection against inflammation and cancer. Ferulic acid methyl ester is a lipophilic derivative of ferulic acid, demonstrating increased ability to cross cell membranes.
BP12579	Hoechst 33342
BP12579	Hoechst 33342, is a Benzimidazole fluorescent dye and a Cell permeable fluorescent DNA stain; binds minor groove of AT-rich regions. HOE 33342 trihydrochlorde is used to quantify DNA in viable cells.
BP12580	Clotrimazole
BP12580	Clotrimazole, an imidazole derivative with a broad spectrum of antimycotic activity, inhibits biosynthesis of the sterol ergostol.
BP12581	4,4'-Dimethoxychalcone
BP12581	4,4-Dimethoxychalcone is a natural product.
BP12582	Autogramin-2
BP12582	Autogramin-2 potently inhibits autophagy induced by either starvation with IC50 of 0.27 μM, and inhibits mTORC1 (Rapamycin; IC50:0.14 μM)
BP12583	Autogramin-1
BP12583	Autogramin-1 potently inhibits starvation-induced autophagy with IC50 of 0.17 μM. Autogramin-1 also inhibits Rapamycin (mTORC1)-induced autophagy with IC50 of 0.44 μM.
BP12584	Ambroxol hydrochloride
BP12584	Ambroxol hydrochloride is a metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.
BP12585	CA77.1
BP12585	CA77.1(CA) is a novel chaperon-mediated autophagy (CMA) activator for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
BP12586	ULK-101
BP12586	ULK-101 is a potent and selective ULK1 inhibitor ( IC50s: 8.3/30 nM for ULK1/ULK2). It can suppress autophagy.
BP12587	Sulfadoxine
BP12587	Sulfadoxine is a broad-spectrum sulfanilamide and a synthetic analog of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) with bacteriostatic and antimalarial properties.
BP12588	Leonurine hydrochloride
BP12588	Leonurine (hydrochloride), a major alkaloid compound extracted from Leonurus japonicas Houtt. (Labiatae), is considered to have antitumor roles.
BP12589	Dantrolene sodium hemiheptahydrate
BP12589	Dantrolene depresses excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle by binding to the ryanodine receptor 1 and decreasing intracellular calcium concentration. Ryanodine receptors mediate the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, an essential step in muscle contraction. Dantrolene Sodium is the sodium salt form of dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, and direct-acting skeletal muscle relaxant.
BP12590	Aceglutamide
BP12590	Aceglutamide is an acetyl derivative of the amino acid L-glutamine, used to improve memory.
BP12591	CHIR-99021
BP12591	CHIR-99021 is a GSK-3α/β inhibitor (IC50: 10/6.7 nM).
BP12592	Doxorubicin hydrochloride
BP12592	Doxorubicin intercalation between base pairs in the DNA helix, thereby preventing DNA replication. It also inhibits topoisomerase II.
BP12593	ML339
BP12593	ML339 a selective inhibitor of CXCR6(IC50 = 140 nM) with no response when screened against CXCR5 and CXCR4.
BP12594	Lasalocid sodium
BP12594	Lasalocid sodium is a cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. Lasalocid sodium is used as a coccidiostat, especially in poultry.
BP12595	Naproxen sodium
BP12595	Naproxen is a COX inhibitor for COX-1 and COX-2 with analgesic and antipyretic properties.
BP12596	AICAR
BP12596	Acadesine is an AMP-activated protein kinase activator which is used for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and may have applications in treating other disorders such as diabetes.
BP12597	Pepstatin
BP12597	Pepstatin is a specific aspartic proteases inhibitor produced by actinomycetes, and inhibits the aspartic proteases cathepsin D, pepsin and renin.