Primary Antibodies

Kinesin superfamily proteins (KIFs) are microtubule-based molecular motors essential for the intracellular transport of various cargos, including organelles, proteins, and RNAs. KIF5A is expressed exclusively in neurons and transports neuronal cargoes into axons and dendrites. KIF5A mutations have been associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth Type 2, an axonal peripheral neuropathy characterized by progressive loss of peripheral sensation and muscle wasting.

FAM48A also named as C13orf19 or SUPT20H is a 779 amino acid protein, which belongs to the SPT20 family. FAM48A is required for MAP kinase p38 activation during gastrulation and for starvation-induced ATG9A trafficking during autophagy. FAM48A localizes in the nucleus and is highly expressed in testis, moderately in brain and pituitary gland.

TSPAN7, also named as A15, MXS1, CD231, MRX58, CCG-B7, TM4SF2, TALLA-1, TM4SF2b and DXS1692E, is a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily, also known as the tetraspanin family. Most of these members are cell-surface proteins that are characterized by the presence of four hydrophobic domains. TSPAN7 is a cell surface glycoprotein and may have a role in the control of neurite outgrowth. TSPAN7 may be involved in cell proliferation and cell motility. It is not solely expressed in T cells, but also expressed in acute myelocytic leukemia cells of some patients. The antibody only recognize the protein TSPAN7, can't recognize the protein TSPAN6.

DOCK9 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that activates CDC42 by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. Its overexpression induces filopodia formation.

Semaphorins, originally identified as axon guidance molecules, have also been implicated in angiogenesis, immunoregulation, and cancer. Plexins are main receptors for semaphorins and are thought to control many of the functional effects of semaphorins. PLXNB1 is one of the three plexin-B family members. It is a high-affinity receptor for semaphorin 4D (SEMA4D). Interaction of SEMA4D and PLXNB1 has important physiologic effects in the immune and nervous systems, and is also involved in tumor progression, especially in tumor angiogenesis.

Acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) are integral membrane proteins that respond to the binding of acetylcholine (ACh), a neurotransmitter synthesized, stored and finally released by cholinergic neurons. After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane. The muscle acetylcholine receptor is composed of five subunits: two alpha subunits and one each of the beta, delta, and gamma (in immature muscle) or epsilon (in mature muscle) subunits. CHRNB1 gene encodes acetylcholine receptor subunit beta (ACHRB). Mutations in this gene are associated with slow-channel congenital myasthenic syndrome.

Salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoprotein 1/2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRH1 gene.

LASS2, also known as TMSG1, is a novel suppressor of human cancer metastasis. As one member of LASS family, including LASS1-6, LASS2 mRNA is at the highest level of all LASS members, and has the broadest tissue distribution, particularly abundant in the liver, kidney and brain in mice. The biological roles of LASS2 include protection from aging, hepatic INS resistance, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. LASS2 has been correlated with the degree of invasion and recurrence of carcinomas of the prostate, liver, breast and bladder.

MARK1, also named as MAP-microtubule affinity regulating kinase 1, which form a subfamily of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMP) group of kinases.It is involved in cell polarity by phosphorylating the microtubule-associated proteins MAP2, MAP4 and MAPT/TAU at KXGS motifs, causing detachment from microtubules, and their disassembly. MARK1 also act as a regulator of the neuronal migration and Wnt signaling pathway.It has 3 isoforms which molecular weight is 89,84,72 kDa. This antibody may detect all of the isoforms.

TREX1 (three prime repair exonuclease 1), also known as trophoblast expressed 1, CRV, AGS1, AGS5, DRN3, HERNS or DNase III, is a member of the exonuclease superfamily and belongs to the TREX family. TREX1 may play a role in DNA repair. TREX1 is expressed in thymus, spleen, liver, brain, heart, small intestine and colon. Mutations or defects in the gene encoding TREX1 have been associated with a variety of diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, chilblain lupus (CHBL), Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome type 1 (AGS1) and type 5 (AGS5).

COX2 (Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2, PTGS2) mediates the formation of prostaglandins from arachidonate. Its subunit structure is homodimer. The fully N-glycosylated PTGS2 is 72-74 kDa and the aglycosylated is 66 kDa. It also expresses a band of 39 kDa after unspecific cleavage. The 50 kDa band of fragmented PTGS2 has also previously been detected in AD brains.

ARHGAP5, also named as RHOGAP5 and p190-B, is GTPase-activating protein for Rho family members. It may play a role in the reduction of the p21rasGTPase-activating potential of p120GAP. ARHGAP5 can be directly phosphorylated on a single identified tyrosine residue by the activated INS and IGF-1 receptors. It also has been shown to be tyrosine phosphorylated by cSrc and vSrc. Additionally the GAP domain of ARHGAP5 is shown to attenuate signal transducing activity of Rac, Rho and CDC42. The antibody is specific to ARHGAP5.

THOC1 (THO complex subunit 1), also known as Tho1, P84, HPR1 or P84N5, is a 657 amino acid nuclear matrix protein and is evolutionarily conserved from yeast to humans. THOC1 contains one death domain and is a component of the heteromultimeric THO/TREX (transcription/export) complex along with THOC2, THOC3, BAT1 and ALY. The THO/TREX complex is recruited to transcribed genes and travels along with RNA polymerase II (Pol II) during elongation, coupling elongating Pol II with RNA splicing and export factors. THOC1 is expressed at high levels in breast cancer cells and at relatively low levels in normal epithelia. A reduction of THOC1 in cancer cell lines results in promoted cancer cell apoptosis and reduced cell proliferation. This suggests that cancer cells are dependent on the high levels of THOC1 expression and therefore THOC1 may be a good target for cancer therapy. This antibody recognizes the 84kd THOC1 protein.

The TARDBP gene encodes the TDP-43 protein, initially found to repress HIV-1 transcription by binding TAR DNA. TDP-43 has since been shown to bind RNA as well as DNA, and have multiple functions in transcriptional repression, translational regulation and pre-mRNA splicing. For instance, it is reported to regulate alternate splicing of the CTFR gene. In 2006 Neumann et al. found that hyperphosphorylated, ubiquitinated and/or cleaved forms of TDP-43, collectively known as pathological TDP-43, play a major role in the disease mechanisms of ubiquitin-positive, tau- and alpha-synuclein-negative frontotemporal dementia (FTLD-U) and in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Proteintech's 10782-2-AP antibody is a rabbit polyclonal antibody recognizing N-terminal TDP-43. It recognizes the intact 43 kDa protein as well as all posttranslationally modified and truncated forms in multiple applications.Various forms of TDP-43 exist, including 18-35 kDa of cleaved C-terminal fragments, 45-50 kDa phospho-protein, 55 kDa glycosylated form, 75 kDa hyperphosphorylated form, and 90-300 kDa cross-linked form. (17023659, 19823856, 21666678, 22193176) Recently TDP-43 has been reported to be overexpressed in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and it may be a potential target for TNBC diagnosis and drug design. (29581274)

Laminins are a family of basement membrane glycoproteins composed of three nonidentical chains, laminin alpha, beta and gamma (formerly A, B1, and B2, respectively) is expressed in most tissues that produce basement membranes, and is one of the 3 chains constituting laminin-1, the first laminin isolated from Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) tumor.Laminin beta 1 is also a subunit of laminin-2 (laminin-211 or merosin), laminin-6 (laminin-311 or K-laminin), laminin-8 (laminin-411), laminin-10 (laminin-511) and laminin-12 (laminin-213).

Cellular retinoic acid binding protein 2 (CRABP2, synonyms: RBP6, CRABP-II). A number of specific carrier proteins for members of the vitamin A family have been discovered. Cellular retinoic acid binding proteins (CRABP) are low molecular weight proteins whose precise function remains unknown.CRABP2 is important in retinoic acid-mediated regulation of human skin growth and differentiation. It has been postulated that the CRABP2 gene is transcriptionally regulated by a newly synthesized regulatory protein.

Ins receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) was the first cloned and characterized member of the IRS family which are involved in ins receptor (IR) and ins-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) signaling. IRS1 is phosphorylated by ins receptor tyrosine kinase and is involved in various cellular processes including DNA repair fidelity, transcriptional activity, and cell growth can support tumor development and progression. Mutations in this gene are associated with type II diabetes and susceptibility to ins resistance. IRS1 has a predicted molecular weight of 132 kDa, however, as a result of its extensive serine phosphorylation it separates on a SDS gel as a band of approximately 160-185 kDa.

SCRN genes encode protein members of the secernin family including Secernin 1, Secernin 2 and Secernin 3. Function of Secernin 2 and Secernin 3 are so far not well understood. Secernin 1 is a novel 50-kDa cytosolic protein that appears to be involved in the regulation of exocytosis from peritoneal mast cells. Secernin-1 a novel tumor-associated antigen (TAA) and may be a universal marker of different cancer types including gastric cancer, which has been validated by several researches. Measurement of SCRN1 can be used in the early detection of cancer or in the surveillance of patients who undergo surgery.

VARS2 (Valine--tRNA ligase, mitochondrial) is also named as KIAA1885, VARS2L, VARSL and belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. The deduced 993-amino acid protein has an N-terminal mitochondrial targeting signal with a predicted cleavage site after residue 29. VARS2 has characteristics of a class I mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, including a classical Rossmann fold.

MYH6 encodes the alpha-cardiac myosin heavy chain (aMHC) which is a major contractile protein exclusively expressed in the myocardium of the heart. Expression of MYH6 is down-regulated in cardiac myopathy and failing hearts. Defects in MYH6 lead to congenital heart disease (CHD), and a spectrum of phenotypes ranging from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). (15737621, 20656787)